A satellite state or dependent state is a country that is formally independent but under heavy Politics, Economics, and military influence or control from another country.
The Oxford English Dictionary traces the concept of satellite states in English back as early as 1780.
Soviet satellite states
Interwar period
When the Mongolian Revolution of 1921 broke out, Mongolian revolutionaries expelled the Russian
White movement (during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923 following the October Revolution of 1917) from Mongolia, with the assistance of the Soviet
Red Army. The revolution also officially ended Manchurian sovereignty over Mongolia, which had existed since 1691.
Although the
Theocracy Bogd Khanate of Mongolia still nominally continued, with successive series of violent struggles, Soviet influence grew stronger. In 1924, after the
Bogd Khan died of
laryngeal cancer or, as some sources suggest, at the hands of Soviet spies,
[ (Mongolian)] the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 26, 1924. A nominally independent and sovereign country, it has been described as being a satellite state of the Soviet Union in the years from 1924 until 1990. This is supported by the fact that the Mongolian PR collapsed less than two months after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
During the Russian Civil War, Red Army troops occupied Tuva in January 1920, which had also been part of the Qing dynasty of China and a protectorate of Russian Empire. The Tuvan People's Republic was proclaimed a nominally independent state in 1921, although it was tightly controlled by Moscow and is considered a satellite state of the Soviet Union until 1944, when the USSR annexed it into the Russian SFSR.
Another early Soviet satellite state in Asia was the short-lived Far Eastern Republic in Siberia.
Post-World War II
At the end of World War II, most Eastern and Central European countries were occupied by the Soviet Union,
and along with the Soviet Union made up what is called the
Soviet empire. Soviet forces remained in these countries after the war's end.
Through a series of coalition governments including
Communist party, and then a forced liquidation of coalition members opposed by the Soviets,
Stalinism systems were established in each country.
Stalinists gained control of existing governments, police, press and radio outlets in these countries.
Soviet satellite states of the Cold War included:
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People's Republic of Albania (1946–1961)
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Polish People's Republic (1947–1989)
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People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)
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Romanian People's Republic (1947–1965)
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Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1989)
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East Germany (1949–1990)
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Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989)
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Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1948)
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Mongolian People's Republic (1925–1990)
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North Korea (1948–1956)
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Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1991)
Albania, Romania, and Yugoslavia ceased to be satellites before the revolutions of 1989.
The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia is considered an early Soviet satellite,
as it broke from Soviet orbit in the 1948 Tito–Stalin split, with the
Cominform offices being moved from
Belgrade to
Bucharest, and Yugoslavia subsequently formed the Non-Aligned Movement. The People's Socialist Republic of Albania, under the leadership of
Enver Hoxha, broke ties with the Soviet Union in the Albanian–Soviet split following the Soviet
de-Stalinization process,
and removed itself from Soviet influence in 1961.
Romania's de-satellization process started in 1956 and ended by 1965,
with serious economic disagreements with Moscow resulting in a final rejection of Soviet hegemony in 1964.
From 1945 to 1948 North Korea was under Soviet Civil Administration, following this provisional governments were established under the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea and People's Committee of North Korea resulting in the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Some scholars consider North Korea a satellite state under the Soviet Union from 1948 until the 1958 August faction incident.
The short-lived East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949) was a Soviet satellite until it was absorbed into the China. Between 1945 and the Iran crisis of 1946 the Azerbaijan People's Government and Republic of Mahabad existed as satellite states in Soviet-occupied Iran. The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a satellite regime of the Soviet Union from 1978 to 1991. Between 1979 and 1989, Afghanistan was also under Soviet military occupation.
Post-Cold War usage of the term
Some commentators have expressed concern that
United States military and diplomatic interventions in the
Balkans, in the
Middle East, and elsewhere might lead, or perhaps have already led, to the existence of American satellite states.
warned that a permanent American presence in
Iraq would "turn Iraq into an American satellite state".
In the Asia-Pacific, John Pilger accused ex Australian Prime Minister John Howard of turning the country into America's 51st state
and
South Korea has regularly been described by
North Korea for being a "puppet state" of the United States.
The term has also been used in the past to describe the relationship between Lebanon and Syria, as Syria has been accused of intervening in Lebanese political affairs.
In addition, Eswatini and Lesotho have both been described as satellite states of South Africa.
See also
Notes
